Online+Teaching+Standards

**[|Southern Region Education Board (SREB) Standards for Quality Online Teaching (NACOL)]**
1. The teacher meets the professional teaching standards established by a state-wide agency or has the **academic credentials** in the field they are teaching. (ITS 2) 2. The teacher has the prerequisite **technology skills ** to teach online. (ITS 2) 3. The teacher plans, designs, and **incorporates strategies ** to encourage active learning, interaction, participation, and collaboration in the online environment. (ITS 3, 4) 4. The teacher provides online leadership in a manner that promotes student success through regular **feedback**, prompt **response ** and clear **expectations**. (ITS 6) 5. The teacher models, guides and encourages legal, **ethical**, safe and healthy behavior related to **technology use **. (ITS 8) 6. The teacher has **experienced online learning from the perspective of a student**. (ITS 7) 7. The teacher understands and is responsive to the special **needs of students** in the online classroom. <span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">(ITS 4, 6) 8. The teacher creates and implements a variety of <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">**assessments** that meet course learning goals and provide data to improve student progress and course instruction. <span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">(ITS 5)

[|National Standards for Quality Online Teaching] (pdf)
• A.2 Provides evidence that he or she has credentials in the field of study to be taught. • A.3 Knows the content of the subject to be taught and understands how to teach the content to students. • A.4 Facilitates the construction of knowledge through an understanding of how students learn in specific subject areas. • A.5 Continues to update academic knowledge and skills. || • B.2 Demonstrates effective use of Internet browsers, e-mail applications and appropriate online etiquette. • B.3 Utilizes synchronous and asynchronous tools (e.g., discussion boards, chat tools, electronic whiteboards) effectively. • B.4 Troubleshoots typical software and hardware problems (i.e. change passwords, download plug-ins, etc). • B.5 Demonstrates growth in technology knowledge and skills in order to stay current with emerging technologies and trends. || • C.2 Facilitates and monitors appropriate interaction among students. • C.3 Builds and maintains a community of learners by creating a relationship of trust, demonstrating effective facilitation skills, establishing consistent and reliable expectations, and supporting and encouraging independence and creativity. • C.4 Promotes learning through group interaction. • C.5 Leads online instruction groups that are goal-oriented, focused, project-based and inquiry-oriented. • C.6 Demonstrates knowledge and responds appropriately to the cultural background and learning needs of non-native English speakers. • C.7 Differentiates instruction based on students’ learning styles and needs and assists students in assimilating information to gain understanding and knowledge. • C.8 Demonstrates growth in teaching strategies in order to benefit from current research and practice. • C.9 Creates a warm and inviting atmosphere that promotes the development of a sense of community among participants. • C.10 Encourages students to bring real-life examples into the online classroom. • C.11 Mandates participation by setting limits if participation wanes or if the conversation is headed in the wrong direction. • C.12 Provides structure for students but allows for flexibility and negotiation. • C.13 Uses best practices to promote participation. • C.14 Begins each lesson with a short, student-friendly, summary statement indicating the goal of the lesson and the primary benchmarks that will be covered. • C.15 Provides extended resources and activities to increase achievement levels. || • D.2 Encourages interaction and cooperation among students, encourages active learning, provides prompt feedback, communicates high expectations, and respects diverse talents and learning styles. • D.3 Persists, in a consistent and reasonable manner, until students are successful. • D.4 Establishes and maintains ongoing and frequent teacher-student interaction, student-student interaction and teacher-parent interaction. • D.5 Provides an online syllabus that defines objectives, concepts and learning outcomes in a clearly written, concise format. • D.6 Provides an online syllabus that defines the terms of class interaction for both teacher and students, defines clear expectations for both teacher and students, defines the grading criteria, establishes inappropriate behavior criteria for both teacher and students, and explains the course organization to students. • D.7 Uses student data to inform instruction, guides and monitors students’ management of their time, monitors learner progress with available tools and develops an intervention plan for unsuccessful learners. • D.8 Provides timely, constructive feedback to students about assignments and questions. • D.9 Gives students clear expectations about teacher response time. • D.10 Contacts students who are not participating. • D.11 Recognizes that student interaction with the lesson has instructional value and therefore encourages students to participate in leading the instruction and/or demonstrating mastery of the content in other appropriate ways. • D.12 Personalizes feedback (support, growth and encouragement). • D.13 Communicates high expectations. || • E.2 Establishes standards for student behavior that are designed to ensure academic integrity and appropriate uses of the Internet and written communication. • E.3 Identifies the risks of academic dishonesty for students. • E.4 Demonstrates an awareness of how the use of technology may impact student testing performance. • E.5 Uses course content that complies with intellectual property rights policies and fair use standards. • E.6 Provides students with an understanding of the importance of Acceptable Use Policies (AUP). • E.7 Demonstrates knowledge of resources and techniques for dealing with issues arising from inappropriate use of electronically accessed data or information. • E.8 Informs students of their rights to privacy and the conditions under which their names or online submissions may be shared with others. || • F.2 Demonstrates the ability to anticipate challenges and problems in the online classroom. • F.3 Demonstrates an understanding of the perspective of the online student through appropriate responsiveness and a supportive attitude toward students. || • G.2 Provides activities, modified as necessary, that are relevant to the needs of all students. • G.3 Adapts and adjusts instruction to create multiple paths to learning objectives. • G.4 Encourages collaboration and interaction among all students. • G.5 Exhibits the ability to assess student knowledge and instruction in a variety of ways. • G.6 Provides student-centered lessons and activities that are based on concepts of active learning and that are connected to real-world applications. • G.7 Demonstrates ability to identify students struggling with ELL or literacy issues and delivers specific strategies. • G.8 Identifies options to expand student thinking, address styles of learning and avenues for enrichment or intervention. • G.9 Knows how to implement a team teaching concept. || • H.2 Implements online assessment measures and materials in ways that ensure instrument validity and reliability. || • I.2 Provides continuous evaluation of students to include pre- and post-testing and student input throughout the course. • I.3 Demonstrates an understanding of the relationships between and among the assignments, assessments and standards-based learning goals. || • J.2 Reviews student responses to test items to identify issues related to test validity or instructional effectiveness. • J.3 Uses observational data (e.g., tracking data in electronic courses, Web logs, e-mail) to monitor course progress and effectiveness. • J.4 Creates opportunities for self-reflection or assessment of teaching effectiveness within the online environment (e.g., classroom assessment techniques, teacher evaluations, teacher peer reviews). • J.5 Addresses multiple intelligences and levels of ability through a variety of alternative interventions such as adjusting lessons based upon re-teaching and using varied assessment strategies. • J.6 Provides evidence of effective learning strategies that worked for the individual student and details specific changes in future instruction based upon assessment results and research study (data-driven and research- based). • J.7 Evaluates instructional strategies to determine their accuracy and usefulness for presenting specific ideas and concepts. || • K.2 Employs ways for students to effectively evaluate and assess their own readiness for course content and method of delivery. • K.3 Understands that student success (e.g., grade, level of participation, mastery of content, completion percentage) is an important measure of teaching and course success. • K.4 Provides opportunities for student self-assessment within courses. • K.5 Empowers students to independently define short- and long-term learning goals and monitors their personal progress. || • L.2 Leads collaborative efforts to create common assessments among grade-level and/or content-area teachers and share assessment results with colleagues to collaboratively plan instruction that will best meet individual student needs. || • M.2 Incorporates multimedia and visual resources into an online module. • M.3 Demonstrates the ability to effectively use and incorporate subject-specific and developmentally appropriate software in an online learning module. • M.4 Reviews all materials and Web resources for their alignment with course objectives and state and local standards and for their appropriateness on a continuing basis. • M.5 Creates assignments, projects and assessments that are aligned with students’ different visual, auditory and hands-on ways of learning. • M.6 Arranges media and content to help transfer knowledge most effectively in the online environment. || <span style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0);">
 * ==A. The teacher meets the professional teaching standards established by a state-licensing agency or the teacher has <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">academic credentials in the field in which he or she is teaching.== ||
 * • A.1 Meets the state’s professional teaching standards or has academic credentials in the field in which he or she is teaching.
 * ==B. The teacher has the prerequisite <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">technology skills to teach online.== ||
 * • B.1 Demonstrates the ability to effectively use word-processing, spreadsheet and presentation software.
 * ==C. The teacher plans, designs and <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">incorporates strategies to encourage active learning, interaction, participation and collaboration in the online environment.== ||
 * • C.1 Demonstrates effective strategies and techniques that actively engage students in the learning process (e.g., team problem-solving, in-class writing, analysis, synthesis and evaluation instead of passive lectures).
 * ==D. The teacher provides online leadership in a manner that promotes student success through regular <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">feedback, prompt <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">response and clear <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">expectations .== ||
 * • D.1 Models effective communication skills and maintains records of applicable communications with students.
 * ==E. The teacher models, guides and encourages legal, <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">ethical, safe and healthy behavior related to <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">technology use .== ||
 * • E.1 Facilitates student investigations of the legal and ethical issues related to technology and society; teaches students that copyright laws are created for a reason.
 * ==F. The teacher has <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">experienced online learning from the perspective of a student. == ||
 * • F.1 Has taken an online course and applies experiences as an online student to develop and implement successful strategies for online teaching.
 * ==G. The teacher understands and is responsive to <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">students with special needs in the online classroom.== ||
 * • G.1 Understands that students have varied talents and skills and uses appropriate strategies designed to include all students.
 * ==H. The teacher demonstrates competencies in creating and implementing <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">assessments in online learning environments in ways that assure validity and reliability of instruments and procedures.== ||
 * • H.1 Creates or selects fair, adequate and appropriate assessment instruments to measure online learning that reflect sufficient content validity (i.e., that adequately cover the content they are designed to measure), reliability and consistency over time.
 * ==I. The teacher develops and delivers assessments, projects, and assignments that meet standards-based learning goals and assesses learning progress by <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">measuring student achievement of learning goals .== ||
 * • I.1 Includes authentic assessment (i.e., the opportunity to demonstrate understanding of acquired knowledge and skills as opposed to testing isolated skills or retained facts) as part of the evaluation process; assesses student knowledge in a forum beyond multiple guess.
 * ==J. The teacher demonstrates competencies in <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">using data and findings from assessments and other data sources to modify instructional methods and content and to guide student learning.== ||
 * • J.1 Assesses each student’s background and content knowledge and uses these data to plan instruction.
 * ==K. The teacher demonstrates frequent and effective strategies that enable both teacher and students to complete <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">self- and pre-assessments .== ||
 * • K.1 Employs ways to assess student readiness for course content and method of delivery.
 * ==L. The teacher <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">collaborates with colleagues.== ||
 * • L.1 Networks with others involved in online education.
 * ==M. The teacher <span style="color: rgb(0, 154, 35);">arranges media and content to help students and teachers transfer knowledge most effectively in the online environment.== ||
 * • M.1 Demonstrates the ability to modify and add content and assessment, using an online Learning Management System (LMS).

**I.** ** Administrative Roles (Systems, Ethical and Legal Issues) ** The competent instructor has an understanding of and belief in the administrative system under which s/he is employed.
==== A. **// Institutional Context: //** The exemplary instructor understands the context in which the institution and its instructors fall (KI). Rationale: Although exemplary since the competencies listed here are not necessarily teaching related, this competency is listed first since aspects of the institutional context can affect the implementation of other competencies later in this category. ==== ==== 1. The exemplary instructor is able to state principle aspects of the institutional mission (PI) and has a belief in that mission (KI). (Partially relates to ISBE Standard 11B.) Rationale: The institutional mission can affect the priorities that an instructor gives to the students and the methods employed in teaching those students. ==== ==== 2. The exemplary instructor understands that the school has an organizational structure (KI). Rationale: Knowledge of the institutional system can aid the instructor in navigating the administrative landscape within which a course falls. ==== ==== 3. The exemplary instructor understands that the school falls within a larger community, national, and global context (KI). (See ISBE Standard 9A.) Rationale: In some cases, appropriate use of this larger community can lead to a better course. Applications within this larger community affect social competencies listed later.<> ==== ==== B. **// Intellectual Property Issues and Regulations: //** The competent instructor possesses a basic understanding of intellectual property issues in online education (KI). (Relates to NETS-T Area VI.A. and ISBE Standards 11C, 11D, 11J, & 11K.) Rationale: The potential for litigation both in what is used in the online classroom and the ownership of materials developed is important enough to warrant that this competency be labeled as a core competency. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands material ownership within the program. (KI) Rationale: The manner in which works are presented may fall within teaching expression, but the works themselves as created by the instructor may or may not be the property of the institution. (KI) ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor is copyright compliant with all materials (including student work) selection and use. No materials are used without proper copyright clearance. All resources utilized by the instructor within the course are properly cited. (PI) Rationale: A requirement professionally, ethically, and legally. ==== ==== 3. The exemplary instructor is able to answer basic student questions regarding intellectual property issues in the online classroom. The instructor will be able to refer the student to the proper administrator when questions arise. (PI) Rationale: Although being able to answer these questions is helpful, it is not necessarily a function of instruction and lack of this knowledge does not jeopardize one's ability to teach in the system. ==== ==== C. **// Student Issues and Management: //** The competent instructor understands how to administer students within the program including obtaining the student roster, academic honesty policies, grade reporting, student conduct, and issues with regards to students with disabilities (KI/PI). Rationale: Proper treatment of students is essential for effective instruction and program legal standards. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor knows and applies proper rules for academic reporting and student privacy (KI/PI). (Relates to ISBE Standards 11C & 11J) Rationale: Not only is it important that student grades be processed correctly for their transcript uses, but the student academic record, which may include online course posts, is subject to many legal requirements. ====

2. The competent instructor is aware of and follows regulations regarding students with disabilities (KI/PI). Rationale: In many cases they are a legal requirement with firm ethical backing.
==== a. The competent instructor knows applicable institutional, state, and federal rules and regulations for implementing programs for individuals with disabilities (KI). (See ISBE Standard 5F., 11F., 11G., & 11H.) Rationale: In many cases it is a legal requirement that such rules and regulations be followed. ==== ==== b. The competent instructor insures that the course is in compliance with ADA regulations and other accessibility regulations proposed by the institution (PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 5P. See ISBE Standards 11O., 11R., 11S., & 11T.) (This competency will in some ways relate to Instructional Design competencies listed later.) Rationale: Once again, it is a legal requirement in many cases. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor has knowledge of honesty policies and procedures towards students and from where these polices can be accessed (KI/PI). Rationale: Academic honesty is a common concern among critics of distance education because the distance is seen as a promoting factor. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor has a willingness and ability to follow these academic honesty procedures (KI/PI). Rationale: Academic honesty policies that go unenforced may lead to an increased student willingness to cheat. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor conducts student discipline under ethical constraints and within parameters set forth by the program including procedures for removing students from a course when necessary (PI). (See also VII. D.) Rationale: Proper treatment of students is governed by legal requirements. All students should be granted due process. ==== ==== D. **// Additional Legal and Ethical Issues: //** The competent instructor has knowledge of various additional legal, privacy, and ethical issues in online education and how they can impact the virtual classroom and its students (KI). The competent instructor can list at least three examples of ethical issues such as those listed below with a description of each (PI). The exemplary instructor can list more than three. Rationale: These issues can be pervasive and have impacts on how a course is instructed. Lack of knowledge in these areas may lead to missteps in the online classroom. ====

7. How, when, can, and should inflammatory, racist, or otherwise harmful comments be handled in an online classroom?
==== E. **// Instructor Selection and Evaluation: //** The exemplary instructor understands how courses/instructors are selected and evaluated (KI). Rationale: These are listed as exemplary for two reasons. First, they may not apply in many cases where instructors of a department develop their own courses. Second, understanding these issues will not so much impact one's ability to teach, merely when the institution would provide that teaching opportunity. ==== ==== F. **// Support Mechanisms: //** The exemplary instructor has an awareness of support mechanisms available to him/her (KI). Rationale: Interestingly, this area was not listed as a competency in most of the documents reviewed, but such awareness can be important to a successful as well as happy instructor. Still, it is listed as exemplary in this document since a given instructor may not have a need for these support mechanisms. ==== ==== **II.** ** Personal Roles (Personal Qualities and Characteristics) ** The competent instructor possesses certain personal attributes that enhance his/her ability to instruct within any given educational paradigm. ==== ==== A. **// Content Knowledge: //** The competent instructor is qualified in the given field of study and demonstrates knowledge in the content area (KI/PI). According to ISBE Standard 1, “The competent teacher understands the central concepts, methods of inquiry, and structures of the discipline” Rationale: To teach the content, you need an advanced level of knowledge in that content. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor can adequately address detailed, higher-order questions in the field of study and demonstrates a clear conceptual and systemic understanding of the course content (KI / PI). (ISBE Standards 1A & 1B) Rationale: Having this ability contributes to the instructor's ability to answer questions and appear as an authority to the students. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor is continuously developing new knowledge of the pertinent content area (KI). Such development may include being at least a peripheral member of the relevant community of practice (PI). (Relates to NETS-T Standard V.A. & V.D. ISBE Standard 10G.) Rationale: Keeping current in the field is required in order to instruct the students in the most recent accounts in the given field. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor understands the relationships that exist between knowledge in a given domain and among different knowledge domains (KI). (See ISBE Standards 1D.) Rationale: Most knowledge can be inter-related, and in so doing, the knowledge can be interlinked with various internal schemas in the students, thus increasing recall and learning. ==== ==== 4. The exemplary instructor has knowledge of a variety of appropriate Internet resources for the given topic beyond those used in the course itself (KI). Rationale: Listed as exemplary, as the instructor may simply refer to personal notes rather than outside resources; however, referring to such sources can be useful in answering student questions and supporting their learning. The instructor could also ask others in the field or conduct online searches for such resources if s/he does not already know, also lending this competency towards exemplary status. ==== ==== B. **// Teaching Commitment: //** The competent instructor shows a dedication to education and commitment to quality teaching (PI). Rationale: While one can teach, and possibly teach well, without a commitment to teaching well, it is listed as a core competency in the __MVCR__ program as we see teaching as a core mission. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor undergoes continual professional development in his/her teaching practice and lifelong learning (KI / PI). (See NETS-T Standard V.A. Relates to ISBE Standard 10E.) Rationale: Initially listed as exemplary, for it is possible that simply the act of teaching, especially if performed from an action research standpoint, can itself serve as a professional development activity. However, there are always changes in the system that require a teacher to remain up-to-date, thus is it listed as a core competency, however underlined as perhaps an __MVCR__ specific competency. ==== ==== 2. The exemplary instructor uses classroom experiences, evaluations, and research as sources for active reflection about and revision of teaching practice (PI). (See ISBE Standard 10B. & 10E.) Rationale: If done, this demonstrates that the teacher has a commitment to being the best teacher s/he can be. This item also supports the notion that action research by a teacher about practice has the potential to improve that practice and possibly the practice of those associated with the instructor. ==== ==== 3. The exemplary instructor has knowledge of resources available to aid in professional teaching development (KI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 10C.) Rationale: Listed as exemplary since the instructor could also consult with others easily to find such sources. ====

c. Distance education.
==== C. **// Communication Ability: //** The competent instructor possesses an adequate typing ability or technological means to communicate through writing and/or audio to the students, peers, and community at large as permitted within the individual's state of disability, the resources provided by the institution, and within the requirements of the given curriculum and modality of effective instruction (PI). Rationale: Such ability is simply a feasibility requirement for teaching online. This competency is the physiological ability to communicate. Note that institutional accommodations are included. ==== ==== D. **// Time Management: //** The competent instructor has lifestyle commitments that may include children, other employment, travel, hobbies, etc., but they do not interfere with his/her ability to instruct the course. The competent instructor has adequate time management skills (PI). (See ISBE Standard 5M.) Rationale: Many see online teaching as a time consuming process, especially for someone who has only been teaching the given content in the given format for a short period of time. Over time, proficiencies in other areas may compensate for a lack of available time or time management, but it is retained here as a core competency. ====

**// E. //** **// Other Characteristics: //**
==== 1. The competent instructor is patient, showing perseverance and diligence in dealing with students, colleagues, technology, and instructional materials (PI). Rationale: There are bound to be difficulties of some sort when teaching, especially when technology is involved. A competent teacher must be able to get over these obstacles and deliver a valuable educational experience to the students. ====

2. The competent instructor is capable of relative objectivity (KI). Rationale: This skill is necessary for fairness in assessment of self and students.
==== 3. The exemplary instructor possesses first-hand experience as a student of an online class (KI). Rationale: It can be difficult but not necessarily impossible (based on focus group feedback) to connect with student needs when one has never experienced them. ==== ==== 4. The exemplary instructor pays attention to detail, limiting any errors in the course itself and dialogues within it (PI). Rationale: Even small errors can lead an online student astray, especially if they go unnoticed. They can also make the course appear less professional and lead to a lower opinion of the instructor. But mistakes are bound to happen and can be overcome, so this is listed as an exemplary competency. ====

6. The exemplary instructor shows a tolerance for ambiguity (PI). Rationale: At times, text-based discourse can include ambiguities.
==== 7. The exemplary instructor accepts and endeavors to remove his/her own limitations (KI). Rationale: The instructor will improve as an instructor with such a competency, but an instructor can still instruct without it. ==== ==== 8. The exemplary instructor understands that reflection is an integral part of professional growth (KI). (See ISBE Standard 10A.) Rationale: Understanding oneself can be the first step in improvement, but may or may not be an absolute requirement. ==== ==== 9. The exemplary instructor has the ability to work at a computer for extended periods of time (KI/PI). Rationale: This item is not so much a requirement, but something that aids the instructor in teaching online. ==== ==== 10. The exemplary instructor is caring, charismatic, compassionate, honest, authentic, non-judgmental, and an affective listener (KI/PI). Rationale: All of these descriptors help the students to connect better with the instructor. ==== ==== **III.** ** Technological Roles (Technology Knowledge and Abilities) ** The competent instructor is knowledgeable about the technologies used in the virtual classroom and can make effective use of those technologies. ==== ==== A. **// Access: //** The competent instructor has access to the required technical equipment and software for the given medium and the course (PI). Rationale: If the instructor does not have easy access, it will show in a reduced ability to effectively instruct. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor owns or has easy access to necessary technical equipment and software including a computer, a reliable Internet connection, and other equipment such as video editing that might be required by the given course and content (PI). Rationale: If the equipment is not readily available, online instruction is severely hindered. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor has the necessary equipment and/or accommodations to overcome disability issues that might normally inhibit access to the necessary technical equipment or software in Part III.A.1 (PI). A physical disability will not be used in the instructor placement or hiring decision as long as an appropriate enabling technology or service exists or can be developed and the person is otherwise qualified. Rationale: One advantage of online education is that it can sometimes be easier to overcome disabilities to tap into the potential of one's mind. When possible, such minds must be utilizes for human and legal reasons. ==== ==== B. **// Technical Proficiencies: //** The competent instructor is knowledgeable and has the ability to use computer programs that are typically required in online education to improve learning/teaching, personal productivity, and information management. (See NETS-T Standard I. & V.C. & ISBE Standard 4G.) Rationale: If the instructor cannot use the software, then the instructor simply cannot effectively instruct in an environment that requires such knowledge. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor has an understanding of various commonly used Web browsing softwares (KI). Rationale: Such software is an absolute minimum in order to effectively navigate within the Web-based course management system. ==== ==== a. The competent instructor can adequately perform various functions within Web browsing software (PI). Rationale: All of these were listed as necessary on average in student surveys. These functions may include: ====

4) Troubleshoot typical issues that may arise with browsers.
==== b. The exemplary instructor can search the Web for information using information sources beyond just a search engine but include online information resources such as online libraries and information repositories. The instructor can state the rationale for any search strategy (PI). Rationale: Most institutions have librarians who can help instructors complete such tasks. Therefore, while it is functional knowledge that can help an online instructor, it is not an absolute requirement. ==== ==== c. The exemplary instructor can help students to troubleshoot issues that may arise with browsers (PI). Rationale: Listed as exemplary since __MVCR__ courses have technical support available. In other programs, it might be a listed prerequisite to students being able to take the course, thus removing a requirement on the instructor to have such advanced troubleshooting knowledge as well. ====

2. The competent instructor has basic HTML knowledge. Rationale: Web-based instruction will eventually require the instructor to utilize at least a basic understanding of HTML.
==== 3. The competent instructor is proficient in the chosen course management system (KI). (Planning for the management of resources within the CMS will apply to NETS-T Standard II.D.) Rationale: If the instructor cannot use the course management system with at least a basic level of knowledge, then it will be difficult to effectively organize information and communicate with the students within the system among other needed functions from the instructor. ==== ==== a. The competent instructor can modify content within the system as necessary (PI). Rationale: Although many courses may be ready for delivery to the students at the beginning, there is always the chance of link rot or a new hot resource coming out that should be relayed to the students. ==== ==== b. The competent instructor can manage all student activities within the CMS (PI). (See NETS-T Standard III.D. Relates to NETS-T Standard II.E. & ISBE Standard 5A.) Rationale: Managing student activity is important in order to maintain students on the right track to learning and to enable them to assess their own progress in the course. These activities include but are not limited to: ====

4) Instructions and announcements can be presented clearly.
==== c. The competent instructor has clear abilities within the primary communication channels of the CMS (KI / PI). Rationale: Since communication is a key in so many ways to online courses, it is an absolute requirement that the instructor be able to use and manage the primary communication mode for the course. ==== ==== d. The exemplary instructor can make changes to the course settings within the CMS such as CSS styles, tool settings, etc. (PI). Rationale: Since these changes are often mostly aesthetic in an environment that should already be presented in a usable manner, this is listed as exemplary. Often, instructor presence may prompt for such changes, which can aid the instructor to best teach to his/her style. ==== ==== e. The exemplary instructor can perform other activities within CMS as necessary for the course and content (PI). Rationale: This competency is retained to accommodate unforeseen changes in the CMS technologies. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor has the ability to use word processing software including the ability to compose documents using accessibility software as required (PI). Rationale: This item is a core requirement because most course management systems have a word processor type of interface for entering text-based information. Furthermore, in many instances it is more appropriate to construct text outside of the course management system using a word processor. Finally, it is important that a disabled instructor have the ability to use the appropriate enabling software for the composition of text-based or voice-based discourse. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor has the ability to use and manage asynchronous and synchronous communication programs as required by the course (PI). Note that this competency does not cover the communications systems within the CMS, but those outside, such as personal email and Web 2.0 applications. CMS-based communication is covered by competency III.B.2.c. Rationale: All distance education courses rely on communication for success, and currently this communication extends beyond the course management system. Many instructors include AOL, MSN, Skype, and other communication addresses in the course that students can use for individual contact with the instructor. In the __MVCR__ program, this competency is listed as a core competency because of the use of the Elluminate synchronous conferencing system. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor has a proficiency managing a computer operating system to maintain security updates, virus scanning software, and other software updates as necessary for the course (PI). Rationale: Because of the need to maintain a secure system that does not jeopardize the CMS or the computer systems of the students, this is a core requirement. ==== ==== 7. The competent instructor has knowledge of other computer programs and hardware as required by the course being taught (KI). Rationale: Some courses will have specialized technology needs, such as a mathematics course requiring Mathematica, Geometer's Sketchpad, etc., a statistics course using SAS or SPSS, a multimedia course using video editing software, courses using library systems, presentation software, publishing software, scanners, cameras, audio recording devices, etc. ==== ==== 8. The competent instructor can apply computer program knowledge to improve student learning and increase personal productivity (PI). (See NETS-T Standard V.C.) Rationale: If the technology is utilized in a confusing manner or without properly informing the students, it may lead to confusion, lack of learning, etc. ==== ==== 9. The exemplary instructor continually develops knowledge and skills in technology, including current and emergent technologies (KI). Currently this knowledge would include such technologies as wikis, podcasts, vodcasts, blogs, and VoIP. (See NETS-T Standard I.B.) Rationale: This item is marked as exemplary, because as a core requirement an instructor would have to be able to utilize current technologies, but not necessarily maintain constant vigil over the newest trends in technology in order to effectively instruct students. At the same time, keeping up on current trends may lead to a better way of doing thing, but the competent instructor need not be an early adopter of the components behind such trends. ==== ==== 10. The exemplary instructor has an ability to multitask in a computerized environment (PI). Rationale: Online education often requires juggling several concurrent applications, such as application sharing during a synchronous text/audio session, but it is recognized that a competent instructor could find ways to inform students without use of multitasking or by multitasking on a limited basis. ==== ==== C. **// Technical Assistance: //** The competent instructor assists students with technology used in the course. (Relates to NETS-T Standard I.A.) Rationale: When a program does not have a technology support person or department, even if the instructor does not have the required technical knowledge to directly provide assistance to the students, s/he should be willing and able to direct students towards an answer to their problem. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor has a strong enough understanding of the technology used and an ability to work with students such that s/he is able to help students with basic technical issues while referring more difficult issues to the technical support person for that course or program or appropriate technology tutorials and user's guides (KI / PI). Rationale: Students will inevitably ask the instructor some technical questions, and the ability of the instructor to answer those questions can affect the student's perceptions of the instructor and the student's speed with which to resolve technical issues. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor can provide basic assistance in the use of technology to support the needs of learners with disabilities. These technologies include adaptive and assistive technologies (PI). (See also IV.L.6. & V.C.8.) (See NETS-T Standard II.A.) Rationale: In many cases, such knowledge is a legal requirement. ==== ==== 3. The exemplary instructor is a master of the technology used and can answer almost any question the students or other teachers may have about that technology (PI). (Relates to TFIE Standard I.A.2.) Rationale: Included here as it can be a quality trait for an instructor to possess, but such advanced knowledge can be reserved for professional technical support in most cases. ==== ==== 4. The exemplary instructor promotes healthy use of technology resources. For example, activities are not developed that would require a student to sit in front of a computer screen for 3 or more consecutive hours (PI). (See NETS-T Standard VI.D.) Rationale: This item is not necessarily a requirement of effective learning by the students, but can affect the student's overall well-being and help to develop healthy life-long habits. ==== ==== D. **// Legal and Ethical Usage: //** The competent online instructor models and teaches legal and ethical practices related to the use of technology and the online environment (PI). (See NETS-T Standard VI.A.) Rationale: Listed as core because an instructor failing to model legal and ethical practices can undermine various course values such as student academic honesty. ==== ==== **IV.** ** Instructional Design Roles (Instructional Design Processes, Knowledge, and Abilities) ** The competent instructor can judge the appropriateness and adequacy of materials and technology used in a course for the given audience (KI), and make materials and technology adjustments due to shifting audience needs and abilities (PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 4 & 6F. and NETS-T Standard II. & III.) ==== ==== A. **// Course Overview: //** The competent instructor presents a course overview to enhance student learning (PI). Rationale: Initial informational contacts are vital in an online classroom to avoid student confusion and drop out. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor maintains a valid and useful syllabus (PI). Rationale: The syllabus is often the first item that an online student reads. It must be properly maintained to insure a valuable first impression by the student and to insure that the student is properly aligned to the policies, requirements, and goals of the given course. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor makes use of valid and effective course objectives (PI). (See ISBE Standard 6P.) Rationale: All courses should have some sort of objective against which learning can be determined. When course objectives are the method used for this measurement, the following guidelines apply. ====

b. Course objectives are maintained within the curricular mandates of the program.
==== B. **// Resource Evaluation: //** The competent instructor understands how to evaluate learning materials (KI) and actively evaluates the materials used in a course (PI). Rationale: For the course to maintain a high level of quality, the materials used must be constantly monitoried. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands how and when to determine if adjustments to instructional materials of the course are necessary and can make such inferences based upon student performance, feedback, and other indicators as appropriate (KI). (See ISBE Standard 4D., 5M., & 6F.) Rationale: Listed as a core competency since one needs to understand these processes before appropriate material changes might be considered. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor reviews and evaluates the instructional effectiveness and value of the instructional materials of a course. The instructor makes use of student evaluations and other feedback within a course in order to improve selection of learning materials (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8I. Relates to NETS-T Standard IV.B. & IV.C.) Rationale: Such evaluations and feedback are valuable resources of information when deciding about materials adjustments. If the instructor does not make use of them, the course may stagnate or depreciate in value with time. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor is able to judge the credibility, clarity, validity, reliability, accuracy, currency, and quality of course resources in the given topic of study (KI) including an ability to state the rationale for such judgments (PI). Rationale: The quality of the materials in the course speaks to the quality of the course as a whole. (This competency relates to an ability to properly select materials as discussed in IV.B.) These items can be defined as: ====

h. Exemplary instructors will also judge the beauty = Is the information presented in an aesthetically pleasing manner?
==== C. **// Resource Creation and Selection: //** The competent instructor selects materials and resources appropriate to the given context and that lead to effective learning outcomes (PI). Rationale: For the course to possess a high level of quality, the materials used must also be of high quality. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor creates and selects learning materials and experiences appropriate for the curriculum, the students, and principles of effective instruction (PI). (See ISBE Standard 4L.) Rationale: Proper materials selection is important for effective instruction. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor maintains the currency, comprehensiveness, applicability, interaction level, and accuracy of materials used in the course (PI). (See ISBE Standard 1F. & 4Q. & NETS-T Standard II.C.) Rationale: Failing to do so can negatively affect the instructor's cognitive presence in the course and the value of the educational experience for the students. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor maintains a variety in resources that appeal to various learner demographics and skills (PI). (NETS-T Standard II.A. Relates to ISBE Standard 6M., NETS-T Standard II.C.) Rationale: Such resources may be included in various iterations of the course and allow for content adjustments based upon learner compositions. ==== ==== 4. The exemplary instructor creates and selects learning materials and readings that demonstrate the interconnectedness of subject areas (PI). (See ISBE Standard 6L.) Rationale: This item is primarily exemplary here for 2 reasons. First, such interconnectedness can be brought about during instructional discourse rather than through the learning materials. Second, interconnectedness of information among subjects may not be appropriate for all courses, especially training programs that are trying to address specific skills. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor can provide a rationale for any shift in content or materials. Any materials used are aligned with applicable standards, the needs of the students, and the given curriculum (PI). (See ISBE Standard 4A. & 4D. and NETS-T Standard II.B.) Rationale: If you don't know why you are making the adjustment, then perhaps it is being made in error. ==== ==== 6. The exemplary instructor utilizes materials in line with the mission of the institution and the objectives of the given program (PI). In other words, any changes to the content are made with this mission in mind. Rationale: Listed as exemplary since there are many models of instruction that may fit within the institutional objectives and the model of instruction should best fit with the students and the curriculum. ==== ==== D. **// Technology Selection: //** The competent instructor selects technologies appropriate of the given context that lead to effective learning outcomes (KI). Rationale: The technology chosen must match the needs of the curriculum and the students in order to meet learning objectives. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor utilizes a variety of technologies (such as simulations, multimedia, etc.) designed to reach course objectives and to promote skills relevant to the field of study (KI/PI). (See also V.C.4.n. for the facilitation of such technology use.) (Relates to ISBE Standard 1I., 3K., 4E., 5M., 6K., & 6N., NETS-T Standard III.A. & II.C.) Rationale: There must be some sort of flexibility and variation in the instruction to best reach the most students for the given content. All online courses will make use of some form of technology, and the instructor should be able to utilize and choose such technology effectively. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor reviews and evaluates the instructional effectiveness and value of the technologies utilized in a course from an instructor, student, and administrative perspective (PI). (See ISBE Standard 4F., 4Q., & 6H.) Rationale: The instructor must both actively review the content and do so from various perspectives in order to effectively make materials decisions that help lead to the most effective educational experience for the students. ==== ==== 3. The exemplary instructor can develop technology resources designed to reach course objectives (PI). (Relates to TFIE Standard II.F.) Rationale: While it is nice if an instructor can develop his/her own technologies, the actual development of these technologies is not a requirement since many are freely available or can be found at a reasonable fee. ==== ==== E. **// Media Richness: //** The exemplary instructor seeks appropriate media richness for the course and can state rationales for use of multimedia (KI / PI). Rationale: Media richness can increase the visual appeal of a course, but may not be a pedagogical necessity and add value in the given subject. The use of multimedia can also be limited by institutional constraints such as the appropriate servers. ==== ==== **V.** ** Pedagogical Roles (Teaching Processes, Knowledge, and Abilities) ** The competent instructor must be well versed and capable in the instruction of a high quality and effective educational experience for all participants. ==== ==== A. **// Education and Learning Theory: //** The competent instructor has knowledge of the theory behind the educational paradigm employed in the course or by the department as a whole and for the student population being taught (KI). Rationale: Such knowledge helps an instructor to utilize the appropriate teaching methodology for a given unit of information and given student population. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor has basic learning theory knowledge for the age group and ability level of students instructed and understands how said students construct knowledge and acquire skills (KI). (See ISBE Standards 2A & 2C) Rationale: At least a basic level of theory knowledge is required to best instruct the students and to provide a rationale for the choice of instructional method and activities chosen for assessment among other actions. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor understands differences in approaches to learning including but not limited to multiple intelligences theory, learning styles, and performance modes (KI). (See ISBE Standard 3D.) Rationale: This knowledge helps an instructor make instructional decisions. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor has an awareness of and understands the advantages and limitations within the online classroom of numerous pedagogical approaches such as inductive/deductive, exploratory, guided didactic conversation, lecture/discussion, etc. (KI). (See ISBE Standard 6B.) Rationale: Awareness is needed to chose, plan, and/or design an approach. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor understands the cognitive processes associated with various kinds of learning and how these processes can be stimulated (KI). (See ISBE Standard 6A.) Rationale: The key to this item being a core competency is the ability of the instructor to stimulate the appropriate process in the students in the virtual environment. Such stimulation appears as a competency under teaching roles below. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor understands how a student's physical, social, emotional, ethical, and cognitive development influences learning (KI). (See ISBE Standard 1E., 2B., & 3C.) Rationale: This knowledge is required in order to effectively monitor students and to address such issues when planning instruction, selecting materials, and actively teaching/guiding students to knowledge acquisition. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor understands that a student's socioeconomic, cultural, religious, and other dispositions can influence learning (KI). Rationale: As distance education among other forces expands the audience of a given institutions educational endeavor, an understanding of the different backgrounds of the incoming students becomes a core competency. ==== ==== 7. The competent instructor understands the impact that cognitive, emotional, physical, and sensory disabilities can have on various communication processes in a virtual classroom (KI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 2F.) Rationale: Items 4-6 relate to an understanding of the student and how best to reach a student given this information. This particular item regards how the state of the student affects communication processes. Such knowledge is a core competency in online education since communication is vital for many aspects of distance education. ==== ==== 8. The exemplary instructor has an advanced understanding of various learning theories including behaviorism, constructivism, cognitivism, group theory, etc. (KI). Rationale: Although some knowledge is a core competency, advanced knowledge is not necessarily needed in order to further practice unless the instructor's practice is such theory. ==== ==== B. **// Cognitive Presence: //** The competent instructor not only knows the materials (See II.A), but also creates a student awareness of that knowledge. Unlike cognitive presence as defined by Garrison (2003), here the instructor demonstrates an ability to construct and confirm meaning within the course community (PI). Rationale: These competencies are separated out as their own item as they relate specifically to the ability of an instructor to communicate his/her expertise to the students in such a way that s/he is considered an expert by the students in the given knowledge domain. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor contributes advanced knowledge and insights to class discussion. The instructor is able to integrate his/her knowledge into posts that occur within the general course discussion (PI). Rationale: Doing so demonstrates the instructor's knowledge to the students and develops cognitive presence. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor contributes current resources from the field (PI). Rationale: This item does not relate to the course in general, as that is covered in instructional design above. Rather, an example demonstrating this competency would be an instructor posting an announcement about a recent discovery or theory in the given field with appropriate associated commentary. The instructor might also maintain a blog in the field as another example. By doing so, the instructor is seen as an expert by the students. ==== ==== 3. The exemplary instructor can map knowledge to be acquired using a concept map or other technique as appropriate and needed (PI). Rationale: The instructor should be able to demonstrate knowledge to students by mapping its interconnection with other knowledge. Such knowledge will also assist the instructor in answering student questions and in general decision making about course materials. It is listed as exemplary since other methods may reach students as well. ==== ==== C. **// Instructional Planning: //** The competent instructor adequately plans for instruction (PI). Rationale: Planning for instruction is especially important in online education as there are many contingency plans that are needed in case technology fails or other situations occur. It can also take time to implement certain plans into the online course. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands and makes use of appropriate learning theories and developmental theories when planning instruction (KI/PI). (See ISBE Standards 2E., 3L., 4A., & 6O. and NETS-T Standard II.A.) ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor plans the use of numerous pedagogical approaches to achieve a given instructional purpose and to meet students' needs (PI). (See ISBE Standard 6F. & 6G.) Rationale: Planning to use more than one approach has many benefits. More student needs may be addressed, and contingency plans exist when inevitable change occurs. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor incorporates knowledge of the content and current research when planning instruction (KI). (See ISBE Standards 4A. and NETS-T Standard III.E.) Rationale: Such knowledge helps in many ways such as proper ordering and spacing of information delivery. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor understands and considers disability impacts on online learning when planning instruction (KI/PI). (See ISBE Standard 6M.) Rationale: Different students will have different needs that must be planned for. ==== ==== D. **// Motivating Students: //** The competent instructor understands the importance of learner motivation (KI) and is able to employ strategies to motivate students in the virtual classroom towards an appropriate learning set (PI). Rationale: Motivating the students is a key to providing the proper learning set, increasing student diligence, maintaining student progression through course content, etc. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands factors that influence student motivation in an online classroom (KI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 5D.) Rationale: The control of these factors affects student performance. These factors include but are not limited to: ====

c. Personal context.
==== 2. The competent instructor acknowledges learner contributions both publicly and privately as appropriate (PI). Rationale: Appropriate acknowledgement increases motivation and feelings of personal accomplishment. ====

3. The competent instructor communicates persistently high expectations to the students (PI). Rationale: Presenting high expectations helps lead to higher achievement.
==== 4. The competent instructor encourages students to incorporate their own goals into the course work and engage in practical inquiry. Personal experiences are linked to educational and career goals of students (PI). (See ISBE Standards 3I., 4C., & 4N.) Rationale: Such efforts positively contribute to student motivation. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor finds additional appropriate means to encourage students to contribute (PI). Rationale: This competency represents acknowledgement that motivation is a complex factor, and a wide variety of methods may need to be employed to reach all students. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor can judge the adequacy and appropriateness of a given motivational strategy (KI) and state a rationale for that judgment (PI). Rationale: If one doesn't know why one is doing something, perhaps it shouldn't be done. ==== ==== 7. The exemplary instructor sets short and long-term goals for the students consistent with the curricular goals of the course and program (PI). (See ISBE Standard 4B & 4K) Rationale: If the instructor sets goals for the student, the instructor may be more prone to follow-up the accomplishment of those goals. It was included as exemplary since it is also probable that students will set their own goals. ==== ==== 8. The exemplary instructor will make students aware of how to be successful in the online environment and the given course (PI). Rationale: For the __MVCR__ program such information is presented within the MVCR orientation that students complete prior to starting the program, and is not the direct responsibility of the instructor. A competent instructor is aware of such information's importance though and can reinforce the information to a student who may have a question. However, such information should be presented at a program level or through a student orientation that may or may not be a part of the given course, thus the listing of this item as exemplary. (See ISBE Standard 5D.) ==== ==== E. **// Communications Usage: //** The competent instructor has a clear ability to make effective, educational uses of communication methods (PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 7) Rationale: Communication is a key to distance education. There are many forms of communication that need to be properly applied to effectively develop a learning relationship among participants and between instructor and students. ====

1. The competent instructor understands the importance of language in learning (KI). (See ISBE Standard 7A.) Rationale: Learning in online discourse is highly dependent on language use.
==== 2. The competent instructor understands how the type of media used, from text to audio/video, can influence communication (KI). (See ISBE Standard 7B.) Rationale: Since many media formats may be used in online communications, how these can influence communication can effect proper selection of the communication modality for a given unit of information and student demographic. Understanding the possibilities of the message received aids proper wording of instructor communications. The medium is the message in the words of McLuhan (1967). ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor understands how cultural, gender, and other demographic distinctions can affect online communications and learning (KI). (See ISBE Standard 7B., 7C., & 7D.) Rationale: This understanding can help reduce miscommunication and misinterpretation of communications. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor appropriately creates, maintains, and organizes online communications in the course to provide for effective teaching and learning (PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 5A.) Rationale: Proper organization helps the student to follow the appropriate threads of information, post in the correct location, and generally understand the flow of course discussions, all of which lead to more effective learning. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor makes use of a variety of communication means dependent upon the student and course needs (PI). (See ISBE Standard 7I. & 7K.) Rationale: Not everything works equally well for everyone. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor models active, effective, and engaging online communication. The instructor uses a transactional not transmissive mode of communication (PI). (See ISBE Standard 7E.) Rationale: Students need a model of appropriate behavior in order to understand the expectations placed upon them. Also, transactional modes of communication can lead to increased student involvement and success. ==== ==== 7. The competent instructor has the ability to carry on an internal dialogue in order to formulate effective responses and statements within the course dialogue (KI). Rationale: In other words, the instructor thinks about what is said before saying/writing it in order to deliver effective educational discourse. ==== ==== 8. The competent instructor is emotive in the communicative mode(s) used in the given course through appropriate use of computer mediated communication paralanguage (PI). Rationale: The loss of traditional face-to-face communication paralanguage can lead to a reduction in the fullness of communication. An instructor needs to be able to overcome this issue to help student properly perceive the intended messages. ==== ==== 9. The competent instructor posts items that reflect upon student posts and ideas (PI). Rationale: Such posts reduce transactional distance, show the students that the instructor has actually read their posts, and help the students to interrelate new information being presented by the instructor's post. ==== ==== 10. The competent instructor provides varied opportunities for the students to demonstrate effective communication skills (PI). (See ISBE Standard 7G.) Rationale: Even if the course does not focus on discussion, communication is a key to an instructor's ability to assess student learning, reduce transactional distance, receive feedback from students, etc. ==== ==== 11. The competent instructor can judge the effectiveness of the communications taking place (KI) and can state a rationale for that judgment (PI). Rationale: There must be an adequate rationale to account for the means and manner of communications employed. ==== ==== F. **// Materials Presentation: //** The competent instructor effectively presents information to the students in a manner that aids in interpretation, understanding, and internalization of new information by the students. Rationale: Properly presented materials increase student understanding and interpretation. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor introduces materials in logical progression at increasingly complex levels in a manner meaningful to students at varying levels of development and with diverse learning needs (PI). (See ISBE Standard 2I. & 4J.) Rationale: A learner must have the prerequisite knowledge and abilities before effectively being able to learn a new piece of information or new action sequence. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor presents information appropriately chunked with units presented in a logical progression within a well organized design (PI). (See ISBE Standard 4J.) Rationale: Proper materials presentation in learnable units is necessary for student internalization and retention. ====

c. The competent instructor uses frames of reference familiar to the students.
==== 4. The competent instructor presents course content in a manner of personal relevance to the students. The competent online instructor links inquiry to genuine problems or issues of interest to the learners (PI). (See ISBE Standards 3I., 4C., & 4N.) Rationale: Personal linkages increase motivation, internalization, and retention. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor presents diverse experiences and counter-experiences and multiple representations of the subject matter including diverse applications of that subject matter (PI). (See ISBE Standard 1K. & 6J. See ISBE Standard 4N. when relating student current knowledge and future career experiences.) Rationale: Diversity of experience increases student self-applicability and the use of multiple experiences encourages respect, acknowledgement, and consideration of multiple perspectives. ==== ==== G. **// Instructional Processes: //** The competent instructor effectively presents information to the students (PI). The competent instructor can effectively educate and guide the students toward new cognitive structures and meaningful educational outcomes using proven techniques and personal skill (PI). (See ISBE Standards 4. & 6.) Rationale: Such is one of the primary purposes of education. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor guides students to knowledge acquisition (PI). (See NETS-T Standard II.A. and ISBE Standards 4. & 6.) Rationale: The primary job of the instructor is to form a path that the student can follow to knowledge acquisition and internalization. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor is able to vary his/her role among instructor, facilitator, coach, collaborator, co-participant, and observer as necessary for the given content and educational needs (PI). (See ISBE Standard 6I.) Rationale: Student perceptions of the course tend to be more positive with a flexible instructor. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor incorporates active learning into the online classroom (PI). (See ISBE Standard 6G.) Rationale: Many argue that actively engaging in the content provides one of the most effective means of learning that content. Actively involving the students aids motivation and learning. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor effectively utilizes student-centered, discussion-oriented pedagogy (PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 4M. when used in conjunction with other activities.) Rationale: In some programs this might be considered an exemplary competency. In the __MVCR__ program, all courses utilize this paradigm though, thus our instructors must be able to effectively teach in such an environment. ====

5. The competent instructor uses questioning effectively (PI). (See ISBE Standard 7F.) Rationale: Such questioning stimulates discussion and leads to student learning.
==== 6. The competent instructor encourages metacognition within students and actively assists linking of new ideas and concepts to already existing ones (PI). (See ISBE Standard 2H.) Rationale: Thinking about knowledge and the structure of that knowledge within one's mental schema helps to reinforce it and properly organize it within one's knowledge base. ==== ==== a. The competent instructor elicits critical and active reflection from the learners about what they are learning and how it is applied in their own practice (PI). Rationale: It may not happen if the instructor does not promote it. ==== ==== b. The competent instructor guides students towards understanding and recognition of their own and others' inferences for validity, timeliness, reliability, and quality (PI). Rationale: It is important to direct the reflection that students are undertaking for it to be the most effective and to hit critical areas. ==== ==== c. The competent instructor connects and facilitates the self-connection of student's learning experiences to other content areas and to the student's life as a whole (PI). (See ISBE Standard 1L.) Rationale: Most knowledge is in some way interconnected, and drawing upon these connections can help cognitive structures to develop. ==== ==== 7. The competent instructor demonstrates and expects higher-order, critical thinking and problem solving. Such skills are developed among the students (KI/PI). (See ISBE Standard 6G. When technology is used to develop the skills see NETS-T Standard III.C.) Rationale: Because such skills are of high value in the workplace. ==== ==== 8. The competent instructor encourages students to consider alternative explanations of their own experiences. Multiple viewpoints are allowed when appropriate. Multiple ‘ways of knowing' are accepted. (See ISBE Standard 1G & 6J. Relates to ISBE Standard 3J.) Rationale: Such encouragement aids formation of proper learning structures that consider a full range of knowledge. ==== ==== 9. The competent instructor understands how a student's conceptions and misconceptions influence learning (KI). (See ISBE Standard 1C). Rationale: If misconceptions are not addressed, students will not be as likely to incorporate new knowledge into their internal information structures. ====

a. The competent instructor has knowledge of common misconceptions in the field of study (KI). Rationale: Knowledge of probable misconceptions is needed in order to address them.
==== b. The competent instructor determines student misconceptions and adapts instruction to enforce proper conceptualization or re-conceptualization by the students (PI). (See ISBE Standard 1J.) Rationale: It is important to address the misconceptions that are actually present in order to reformulate a student's cognitive structures. ==== ==== 10. The competent instructor maintains appropriate pacing of course progression (PI). Rationale: Online courses can have special time management issues that the instructor can help students overcome through proper pacing. There is also a need that students effectively incorporate one piece of knowledge before another is presented in a fashion that requires the earlier knowledge. ====

a. The competent instructor provides students time to explore and develop required inquiry, skills, knowledge, etc. (PI). Rationale: If the time is not provided, they may not develop.
==== b. The competent instructor provides appropriate time for assignment and readings completion. Activities are balanced to help students manage time and load (PI). Rationale: The modality of online instruction can sometimes lead to student difficulties in time management. Helping this process will keep the students involved with the content as it is delivered rather than constantly trying to catch up. ====

c. The competent instructor presents a timeline or calendar with explicit key points towards successful completion of the course (PI). Rationale: Same as previous competency.
==== 11. The competent instructor demonstrates immediacy and timeliness (PI). Rationale: Online students work anytime and anyplace. An instructor needs to keep up with the students so that they are not hindered in progress and do not begin to feel isolation. ==== ==== 12. The competent instructor engages students in generating and testing knowledge according to the process of inquiry and standards of evidence of the given context (PI). (See ISBE Standard 1H.) Rationale: Students should be prepared to function within the context according to the standards of that field. ==== ==== 13. The competent instructor facilitates the use of learning technologies such as multimedia, simulations, etc. to aid students in reaching course objectives (PI). (See also IV.I. for the design of such instruction) (See ISBE Standard 6K. and NETS-T Standard III.A.) Rationale: Providing the proper assistance to the students is necessary for them to effectively use learning technologies. Unlike technical assistance, this item refers to assisting the students in applying technologies in an educationally constructive manner. ==== ==== 14. The competent instructor can state a rationale for the given choice of pedagogical approach (PI). Rationale: If the instructor does not know why something is being done, then perhaps it is being done for the wrong reasons or should not have been done in the first place. ==== ==== 15. The exemplary instructor helps students organize and manage their time (PI). Rationale: This competency goes beyond time management aspects listed above and refers to a direct involvement of an instructor in providing tips to students throughout the course on how to best schedule their activities. Exemplary since it is difficult and not expected for an instructor to hold every student's hands throughout a course. ==== ==== 16. The exemplary instructor uses innovative approaches to knowledge development in students and can state rationales for the use of such approaches (PI). Rationale: Listed as exemplary because while innovation can lead to increased motivation among other things, it is not a requirement to effectively instruct since effective approaches should already be in use. ==== ==== 17. The exemplary instructor allows student criticism or questioning of instructor's views as appropriate yet maintains a clear position of authority (PI). Rationale: Listed as exemplary since such activities may not be appropriate in a given classroom context and could lead to loss of instructor authority in some cases. ==== ==== 18. The exemplary instructor understands how his/her personal biases may affect instruction (KI). (See ISBE Standard 3F. & 10D.) Rationale: Such knowledge will aid the instructor in professional development activities and maintaining a flexibility that helps him/her to reach the largest student audience. However, it is possible that an instructor could still teach somewhat effectively without knowing one's own biases. ==== ==== 19. The exemplary instructor displays creativity in the manner in which the course is presented to the students (PI). Rationale: Similar to innovation, creativity can be helpful, but is not a necessity. ==== ==== 20. The exemplary instructor will encourage and expect creativity among the students (PI). (When technology is employed to develop the creativity see NETS-T Standard III.C.) Rationale: Creativity by one student may influence that student's motivation and may affect increased learning in other students whose learning is in some way enhanced through the creativity being shown. ==== ==== 21. The exemplary instructor strives to utilize approaches that are interdisciplinary and integrate multiple content areas into instruction (PI). (See ISBE Standard 4O.) Rationale: For some programs this will be a core competency. The __MVCR__ program is primarily concerned with instruction, which is cross-disciplinary in its application; however, effective instruction can be accomplished with a narrow approach depending on the program needs. ==== ==== 22. The exemplary instructor's teaching practice is in line with philosophical models in place at the institution. In other words, not only does the instructor have knowledge of the principles stated in I.A.1., but the instructor carries out that belief in his/her observable practice through items listed in competency area IV (PI). Rationale: Such practice can lead to a stronger relationship with the institution and perhaps greater job security, but is not necessary for effective instruction. ==== ==== 23. The exemplary instructor strives to maintain an aesthetic appeal to the course while providing for accessibility and usability (KI / PI). Rationale: Listed as exemplary since the lack of aesthetic appeal may not directly influence learning. ==== ==== H. **// Tailored Instruction: //** The competent instructor individually tailors instruction to meet student needs. Rationale: Not all students are the same, and online instruction affords the opportunity to meet these varied needs. ====

1. The competent instructor respects diverse ways of learning (KI). (See NETS-T Standard III.B. & VI.C.) Rationale: Different manners of learning require different manners of instruction.
==== 2. The competent instructor knows and uses a wide range of activities, information, and technologies that are age and cognitive level appropriate to the audience and appeal to diverse student needs to enhance student learning (KI/PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 3K., 4M., 4R., 6C., & 6G.) Rationale: Applying activities that are not appropriate for the given audience will not result in effective learning. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor knows techniques for modifying content for those with disabilities and/or diverse learning capabilities and styles (KI). (See ISBE Standard 6E.) Rationale: Proper accommodations must be made to enable all learners to effectively learn the content. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor addresses the diverse needs of the students including but not limited to cultural needs, economic needs, and students with disabilities (PI). (See ISBE Standard 6M. Relates to ISBE Standard 3C.) (Understanding of such needs as a knowledge indicator is given under competency V.A.5, 7 & 6.) Rationale: Addressing such needs will help to maintain student progress, motivation, and learning. ==== ==== a. The competent instructor designs learning experiences and utilizes adaptive devices/technologies that enable students with diverse backgrounds and abilities to experience the content (PI). (See ISBE Standard 1M. and NETS-T Standards II.A., III.B., & VI.B.) Rationale: In its absence, there may be students who for one reason or another fail due to lack of access to or understanding of the content. ==== ==== b. The competent instructor will facilitate equitable and effective access to technology resources required by the given course for all students with attention to diverse backgrounds, cultures, and abilities (PI). (NETS-T Standard VI.B., VI.C., & VI.E.) Rationale: This competency is a legal and ethical requirement in many cases. ==== ==== c. The exemplary instructor understands the importance of cultural diversity (KI) and makes an attempt to learn about and incorporate this understanding into instruction (PI). (See ISBE Standard 3E. & 3I.) Rationale: In a culturally diverse class, this competency will increase in importance, but a successful course may not require cultural diversity in delivery as long as possible cultural impacts on communications and assessment are accounted for. ==== ==== d. The exemplary instructor supports, through specific strategies, the acquisition of knowledge by students whose first language is not English (PI). (See ISBE Standard 3B.) Rationale: In situations where students are minimally fluent in the primary course language (English in the __MVCR__ program), this becomes a core competency since communication is necessary for effective learning. ==== ==== 5. The exemplary instructor individually tailors instruction to the students when possible and appropriate (PI). Rationale: This item may or may not be a core competency depending on the nature of the course. It is anticipated that courses will exist in which individual tailoring is not feasible, but when it is feasible; it should be attempted by the instructor. ==== ==== 6. The exemplary instructor will provide more than one path as appropriate to complete course objectives (PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 4M.) Rationale: Having more than one path to an objective helps address multiple learning styles and ways of knowing, however, since it may not be appropriate or necessary, it is listed as exemplary. ==== ==== I. **// Collaboration: //** The competent instructor implements effective group and collaborative/cooperative learning (PI). Rationale: In addition to simple discussion questions, all __MVCR__ courses utilize some form of social, group, or collaborative activities. Examples include wikis, group projects, and hypothetical cross-analysis. These competencies may not be core in all programs. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands the dynamics of online cooperative and group work (KI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 5C.) Rationale: Online group work, and group work in general, has many issues that need to be understood in order to have successful group experiences by the students. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor develops and utilizes collaborative activities and group work as appropriate to meet the needs of the given content and audience (PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 4M.) Rationale: __MVCR__ courses utilize group work, and different groups and audiences will have different approaches and challenges within the group setting. Key items include: ====

3. The competent instructor promotes effective leadership within groups (PI). Rationale: Poor leadership or discourse within a group will quickly reduce its effectiveness.
==== J. **// Student Monitoring: //** The competent instructor monitors student activity to help manage student success (PI). (See NETS-T Standard II.E.) Rationale: Monitoring the students is required to actively perceive their progress in a distance education setting and to provide for proper modifications when appropriate. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor can analyze individual and group performance in order to continually redesign the learning experience to meet the students' needs (KI/PI). (See ISBE Standard 2G. & 5E.) Rationale: Redesign may become necessary if student needs are not being met. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor identifies differences in approaches to learning such as multiple intelligences in students (PI). (See also IV.B.2.) (See ISBE Standard 3D.) Rationale: Identification of these differences can help the instructor to successfully address that students needs and remove potential barriers to learning. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor is able to determine if and when a student is struggling (KI). Rationale: If a struggling student is not identified, the student will continue to struggle and possibly fail to learn. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor assists students having difficulties at the appropriate time and through the appropriate method (PI). Rationale: Such assistance is necessary to maintain student progress towards course objectives. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor can state a rationale for such judgments in 1-4 above (PI). Rationale: If the instructor does not know why something is being done, then it is likely not being done when necessary or in a way that aids student learning. ==== ==== 6. The exemplary instructor is able to use appropriate technologies to assist in student monitoring (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8M.) Rationale: Technologies such as student tracking in an online course management system, can aid student monitoring, but are not a necessity. ====

K. **// Evaluation: //** The competent instructor evaluates the effectiveness of instruction (PI). Rationale: Evaluation provides for improvement.
==== 1. The competent instructor makes use of assessment results, course evaluations, and personal reflections (See II.B.2.) to insure that technology is appropriately applied by both the teacher and the students for the given context leading to student learning or other needs such as effective communications. (NETS-T Standard IV.C. & V.B. and ISBE Standard 6H., 6N., & 8I.) Rationale: As stated, this competency insures proper technology usage for effective learning and communication. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor makes use of student evaluations, assessment results, personal reflections, and other feedback within a course in order to improve practice and maximize student learning (PI). (See ISBE Standard 6H. & 8D.) Rationale: Same as previous competency, but as relates to aspects other than the technology usage. ==== ==== **VI.** ** Assessment Roles (Assessing Student Learning and Abilities) ** The competent instructor is aware of online assessment issues and can effectively assess students using a variety of techniques in the online classroom designed not just to determine student progress but to aid in student learning. (See NETS-T Standard IV. and ISBE Standard 8.) ==== ==== A. **// Assessment Purpose: //** The competent instructor understands the purposes of assessment in terms of student learning and evaluation (KI). (See ISBE Standard 8A.) Rationale: The key here is that the instructor needs to understand that assessment is more than a means of measurement and comparison, but a means to aid student learning. ==== ==== B. **// Online Assessment Challenges: //** The competent instructor understands that online assessments can provide unique difficulties to online students (KI). Rationale: Online education has a set of issues that can add difficulty for the student trying to complete an assessment. Knowledge of these issues makes it possible to address them. Examples of such difficulties include but are not limited to: ====

5. Difficulty performing activities due to disability or language difficulties.
==== C. **// Assessment Design: //** The competent instructor understands how to select, construct, and utilize a rational assessment strategy or instrument for a given context (KI). (See ISBE Standard 8E.) Rationale: Such knowledge is needed to construct and implement the proper strategy to best assess student progress and aid the students in learning. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor respects diverse ways of applying knowledge (KI). Rationale: Not only will learning styles vary among students, but also their ability to relay what has been learned. Respecting this fact allows students to be assessed to their strengths for possibly a more accurate assessment of their knowledge. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor understands the purpose and effectiveness of various assessment methods in different contexts (KI). (See ISBE Standard 8B.) Rationale: Such knowledge is needed to select the proper method for the given context. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor appropriately makes use of a variety of assessment methods that appeal to a variety of learner preferences, abilities, intelligences, etc. (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8J. See NETS-T Standard IV.A. when technology applied) Rationale: Variety adds to student motivation and allows for a larger course appeal and success rate based on student differences. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor makes use of assessments that directly address the course objectives (PI). Rationale: The instructor should address that the students are actually learning the intended materials. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor will provide assessments that challenge the students (PI). Rationale: If the students are not challenged, then they may not push themselves to achieve beyond a basal level. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor will build participation into assessments and course grading (PI). Rationale: In the __MVCR__ program, student involvement is a key to a successful course based upon the instructional design and underlying paradigms built into the course frameworks. This is therefore listed as a core competency. ====

7. The competent instructor can state a rationale for assessment choice (PI). Rationale: If the instructor doesn't know why s/he is doing what s/he is doing, then s/he shouldn't be doing it.
==== 8. The exemplary online instructor provides for a choice of assignment by the students when appropriate (PI). Rationale: The instructor can provide for variability in assignments during the course without providing for variability in a single assessment, however, providing such choice can aid student motivation and achievement. ==== ==== 9. The exemplary instructor provides a pre-assessment of student knowledge (PI). Rationale: Although a preset curriculum can be utilized, modifications in design of instruction based on student prior knowledge require an assessment of that knowledge. Pre-assessment may be used to: ====

D. **// Assessment Delivery: //** The competent instructor effectively presents assessments to the students (PI). Rationale: Students have to understand the assessment to complete it.
==== 1. The competent instructor provides clear objectives and purposes to all assignments (PI). Rationale: Understanding purpose increases student motivation to complete assignment and to what end the assignment is directed. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor provides very thorough explanations of all online assignments including both how to complete the assignment and where/how to submit the completed work (PI). Rationale: Addresses unique issues that occur in the online classroom such as difficulty students have in getting instant feedback on questions they have about an assignment. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor provides adequate time for learners to state questions, make comments, and display concern about assessment procedures and activities (PI). Rationale: Addresses some of the unique issues that occur in the online classroom such as the difficulty students have in getting instant feedback on questions they may have about an assignment. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor provides adequate time for effective completion of the assignments for the given student audience and ability levels (PI). Rationale: Although the time should be limited to reduce cheating, to challenge the students, and to effectively allow for delineations of student achievement as appropriate, an adequate amount of time needs to be provided for effective completion and adequate achievement by the students. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor can make appropriate and legal provisions for the adequate assessment of students with special needs or disabilities (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8F., 8G., 8O., & 8Q.) Rationale: Such provisions are an ethical and legal requirement. ==== ==== 6. The exemplary instructor provides sample assignments when appropriate and possible (PI). Rationale: While not a requirement of student learning, they can aid in understanding assignment requirements. The key is to provide such samples in a manner that does not lead to students mimicking the model. ==== ==== 7. The exemplary instructor reminds students of important assignment deadlines (PI). Rationale: While this information is readily available to the students, not all student keep up to date, and an email or other communication can be helpful, especially for struggling students. ==== ==== E. **// Grading: //** The competent instructor uses appropriate scoring rubrics and grading (PI). Rationale: Assessments should address actual course objectives and what was learned. Rubrics help insure the correct items are assessed. They also provide students an outline of assignment expectations and provide for some level of objectivity in grading. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor can provide a clear pedagogical rational for grading method and/or rubric use and included criteria (PI). Rationale: If the instructor doesn't know why something is being done, it probably shouldn't be done. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor provides students with a clear delineation of how or if assignments will be or have been graded (PI). Rationale: Reduces assignment confusion, helps students meet objectives, and allows students to learn from incorrect answers. ====

3. The competent instructor is not subject to grade inflation issues (PI). Rationale: If poor work received high marks, students will have reduced motivation to produce quality work.
==== 4. The competent instructor can judge the effectiveness, adequacy, reliability, and any bias in questions and activities used (KI/PI). (See ISBE Standard 8C.) Rationale: Such judgments allow for the improvement of practice over time. ==== ==== F. **// Feedback: //** The competent instructor understands the importance of (KI) and provides for student feedback (PI). (See ISBE Standard 7H.) Rationale: Feedback is a core motivator of work, helps students learn from mistakes, demonstrates instructor presence in the learning of students, etc. ====

1. The competent instructor maintains continual feedback throughout the course (PI). Rationale: This competency provides that formative feedback is important as well as summative.
==== 2. The competent instructor quickly acknowledges receipt of assignments when not built into the course management system (PI). Rationale: Without acknowledgement, students do not know the assignment was received. With it, the students know that the instructor is involved in their learning and assessing their activities. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor provides a prompt turnaround time when grading or marking-up assessments (PI). Rationale: The quicker the students get their work returned, the less their feeling of isolation, the more likely the assignment context is still fresh in their minds, the greater their respect for the instructor, etc. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor bases clear and concise feedback on clear rationales (PI). Rationale: Respect of the instructor by the students is improved when the students understand why they are getting the given feedback. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor provides constructive and supportive feedback and critiques with suggestions for improvement when appropriate. Achievements, errors, and the causes of errors are identified (PI). Rationale: Such feedback provides an opportunity for students to learn from mistakes and be motivated by successes. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor communicates course achievement with the students in general terms and in terms of progress towards stated objectives (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8L.) Rationale: Students need to know where they stand in terms of course progression in order to judge their time commitment and effort needs for the rest of the course. ====

7. The competent instructor focuses feedback on specifics when possible (PI). Rationale: If the feedback is too general, the student will not be provided with a means for improvement.
==== 8. The competent instructor uses multidimensional feedback – covers content, presentation, attitude, grammar, etc. (PI). Rationale: The more aspects that feedback covers, the more aspects of student learning can be affected. ==== ==== 9. The competent instructor can judge the adequacy of feedback for a given student and present a rationale for that judgment (PI). Rationale: If the feedback is inadequate or not understood, then the student may not learn from it. ==== ==== 10. The competent instructor maintains an up-to-date grade book or portfolio of student work (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8L.) The competent instructor provides a mechanism by which students can ask about or determine by some means their progress in the course (PI). Rationale: This maintenance allows both students and instructor to monitor progress. If monitoring is not conducted, students may drop out of the learning context. ==== ==== G. **// Technology Use: //** The competent instructor can make use of appropriate technologies to assist in conducting assessments and interpreting results (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8P.) Rationale: Listed as a core competency here since technological methods of assessment are the norm in online education. ==== ==== H. **// Academic Honesty: //** The competent instructor is aware of and takes account of academic honesty issues in the virtual classroom (KI/PI). Rationale: These issues are highly debated due to the nature of online education in general. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands the issues involved with academic honesty in the online / distance learning environment (KI). Rationale: Instructors can curb academic dishonesty through proper pedagogy and assessment techniques when they have a clear understanding of all of the issues involved. Such knowledge will increase the instructor's ability to make any necessary instructional design decisions though. These issues include but are not limited to: ====

d. Ethical and legal concerns of plagiarism detection services.
==== 2. The competent instructor has knowledge of methods for reducing the probability and possibility of cheating in the virtual classroom (KI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 11C.) Rationale: Since academic honesty is a primary concern in the field of distance education, instructors need knowledge of the issues involved and an ability to overcome them in order to validate the quality of their course(s). ====

3. The competent instructor implements strategies to reduce academic honesty in the online classroom (PI). Rationale: Knowledge is not enough if it is not put into practice to keep students honest.
==== I. **// Self Assessment: //** The exemplary instructor actively engages students in self-assessment and skill practicing activities to encourage them to become personally involved in monitoring their own learning and setting personal goals for achievement (PI). (See ISBE Standard 8K.) Rationale: While an aid to personal development and continued learning after the class, the student may effectively be able to learn and retain the content without personally monitoring their progress if they successfully complete assignments and complete the required readings and other requirements of the course. ==== ==== J. **// Theory //** : The exemplary instructor has a deep understanding of measurement theory and statistics (KI). (See ISBE Standard 8C.) Rationale: Such knowledge can help the instructor decide placement and selection of assessments as well as determining bias in questions. ==== ==== **VII.** ** Social Processes and Presence (Social Roles) ** The competent instructor recognizes that a social aspect to education exists. The instructor will effectively incorporate that aspect into the teaching and learning process with the intent of creating a learning community. ==== ==== A. **// Social Presence: //** The competent instructor maintains an online social presence (PI). Rationale: In some paradigms, this may be considered exemplary, but a social aspect to the course will help increase student satisfaction and development of appropriate communities for learning. A primary focus here is instructor approachability. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor models open and honest communication with students (PI). Rationale: Required so that students will be able to do the same, including revealing possible problems that they may have. Methods of such modeling may include: ====

c. Instructor-student interaction is encouraged.
==== 2. The competent instructor provides affective as well as effective responses. The instructor shows an ability to convey compassion, humanity, patience, and emotion at a distance (PI). Rationale: Such activity helps reduce instructor-student transactional distance and increases student ability to community concerns to the instructor. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor is visibly available for the students (PI). The competent instructor has an appropriate activity level (approximately every 48 hours minimum) for which students are made aware (PI). Rationale: This activity helps increase instructor presence, thus reducing student isolation and increasing student satisfaction and ability and propensity to ask questions of the instructor. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor properly treats the students (PI). (See ISBE Standard 11P.) Rationale: The students, who legally and rationally deserve proper treatment and respect, are the life blood of the institution. Aspects of such treatment include but are not limited to: ====

b. Not purposefully coercing, berating, humiliating, or demeaning students.
==== B. **// Community of Learners: //** The competent instructor creates an appropriate environment for learning that encompasses elements beyond just the virtual classroom design itself (PI). (See ISBE Standard 5 and parts of 9.) Rationale: Unless study is independent, students are not alone. An effective community element within a course can improve student learning and reduce feelings of isolation and alienation. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor recognizes the importance of creating an effective learning environment in the virtual classroom (KI). Rationale: Without recognizing its importance, the instructor may not develop or maintain an effective learning community in order to increase student learning and satisfaction. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor understands collaborative processes and possesses the skills necessary to carry them out (KI). (See ISBE Standards 9D. & 9E.) Rationale: Perhaps related to the paradigm employed by __MVCR__ and not core in all programs, this understanding can be a requirement in the formation of a community of learners. ==== ==== 3. The competent instructor understands how individuals influence groups (KI). (See ISBE Standard 5B.) Rationale: In any course including student-student interaction, a single abusive, authoritarian, or other disruptive personality can lead to student dissatisfaction and drop out. ==== ==== 4. The competent instructor has an understanding of how to effectively create a community of learners in an online classroom, promoting positive behavior and learning among diverse students (KI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 5A., 5H., 5K., & 5M.) Rationale: Encouraging positive behavior increases student participation and satisfaction and reduces disruptive behavior. ==== ==== 5. The competent instructor facilitates a community in which individual differences are respected (PI). (See ISBE Standard 3G., 3N., 5H., 5I., & 5K.) Rationale: Doing so reduces conflict and can increase students' abilities to reflect on self and the ideas of others. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor involves learners immediately in the development of the course atmosphere including ice-breaking activities (PI). (See ISBE Standard 5K.) Rationale: An effective atmosphere can take time to develop, especially online. Providing time will increase the community and student ownership of that community and the subsequent learning. ====

a. A competent instructor provides time for students to acclimate to the course. Rationale: Because it takes time, time has to be provided (PI).
==== b. A competent instructor is able to judge and provide a rationale for determining when that time has been met (KI/PI). Rationale: One does not want to take too much time away from content delivery and acquisition. ==== ==== c. The exemplary instructor provides a space for students to enter information about themselves (PI). Rationale: Biographies and other activities help students get to know one another, but some argue any requirement of such reduces individual learner's choice of anonymity to some degree, thus this item is listed as exemplary. ==== ==== 7. The competent instructor clearly presents norms, performance guidelines, expectations, and code of conduct to the group or negotiates these items through a collaborative process (PI). Rationale: This presentation is needed so students realize expectations yielding decreased conflict and increased participation. ==== ==== 8. The competent instructor understands, applies, and promotes interactivity among students and between students and instructor (KI/PI). Rationale: Such is required for synergistic relationships helpful to student satisfaction and learning. ==== ==== a. The competent instructor understands how important continual, effective communication is between the instructor and the students, as well as among the students to the development and maintenance of a community of learners in an online course (KI). Rationale: Such communication is required to reduce transactional distance and possible feelings of isolation by students that might reduce motivation and learning. ==== ==== b. The competent instructor provides clearly defined purposes for interactivity in the course (PI). Rationale: Knowing why they are important and available can increase student motivation to participate. ==== ==== c. The competent instructor provides clear expectations of interactivity. Posting requirements are clearly provided for each activity and for the course as a whole (PI). Rationale: These expectations aid student time management and help to reduce possible frustration when an unknown expectation is not met. ==== ==== d. The competent instructor models, coaches, and instructs on appropriate and expected behaviors and posting requirements. The instructor shows active and interactive involvement (PI). Rationale: Modeling the behavior will help students to do the same. ==== ==== e. The competent instructor builds interactivity elements into the course assignments (PI). Rationale: These elements can help students complete assignments, decrease feelings of isolation, and help build a community of learners by providing student support mechanisms. ==== ==== f. The competent instructor can state the rationales for interactivity elements being employed in the course (PI). Rationale: A competent instructor should know why something is being done. For example, it can be needed to help explain the use to the students. ==== ==== g. The competent instructor possesses adequate patience in order for students to develop their own threads of communication (KI/PI). The competent instructor does not dominate discussions through the wording or mannerisms exposed during communications (PI). Rationale: An effective instructor does not want to dominate the discussion and hinder student involvement. Increased student involvement will increase student ownership of content and allows students to work through problems as appropriate in order to increase learning. ==== ==== h. The exemplary instructor will find ways to encourage and foster sharing by and from the students (PI). Rationale: Additional items are likely to be needed to meet the special needs of a specific classroom, but are exemplary since they may not be necessary of all instruction or even a majority. ==== ==== i. The competent instructor will provide a content free zone for off topic discussions (PI). Rationale: Such a zone has been shown to be extremely useful in the __MVCR__ program at increasing community and student involvement, but studies without such a zone have not been conducted to warrant this as a core competency as of yet, and some authors report that content free zones already exist outside of the classroom and do not need to be recreated, thus it may not be a core competency in all programs. ==== ==== 9. The competent instructor continuously judges the climate of the course to determine if successful performance is being encouraged. The instructor can state a rationale for such judgments (PI). (See ISBE Standard 5L.) Rationale: Without this judgment, the instructor cannot know that it is happening. ==== ==== C. **// Cultural Competency: //** The competent instructor understands that cultural differences among students will affect the manner in which those students are willing and able to participate in an online community (KI). Rationale: Distance education is international and multicultural. ==== ==== D. **// Conflict Management: //** The competent instructor understands and is capable at managing conflict in the virtual classroom (KI/PI). (Relates to ISBE Standard 5A. & 11C. and more directly 5G. & 5I.) Rationale: Conflict can destroy a learning community, reduce effective learning and student satisfaction, and lower retention. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands that online communications can be misconstrued (KI). Rationale: This understanding leads to more careful language selection and a greater understanding when conflicts do occur. ==== ==== 2. The competent instructor understands that there is a tendency that online personalities can be more volatile than face-to-face personalities (KI). Rationale: An increased recognition of this tendency helps an instructor understand the cause of conflict and increase an instructor's ability to avoid conflict. ====

4. The competent instructor swiftly recognizes conflict (KI). Rationale: Recognition is required in order to address it.
==== 5. The competent instructor has knowledge of procedures for handling student conflict in an online forum (KI) and is capable of conducting such procedures (PI). However, groups and individuals are given an opportunity to resolve conflicts on their own when appropriate. Rationale: Must overcome conflict to limit consequences, minimize any damage, and get students quickly back on task. ==== ==== 6. The competent instructor follows up conflict resolution with students involved (PI). Rationale: Student satisfaction and learning will increase if the instructor verifies that the student has regained focus and returned to an appropriate learning set. Future conflict can also be avoided due to unresolved conflict. ==== ==== 7. The competent instructor can gauge the appropriateness and state the rationale for any procedure undertaking to subdue student conflict (KI/PI). Rationale: As always, a competent instructor should know why something is being done in order to assure that it is the correct action. ==== ==== E. **// Socializing Agent: //** The competent instructor understands the social nature of the classroom and how it can contribute to the success of the students (KI). The exemplary instructor is both a knowledge builder and social agent among the students (KI/PI). Rationale: In the absence of a ‘campus' for socializing activity, such may need to be provided in the course itself. An understanding of the social nature is needed to effectively reduce student feelings of isolation, increase active learning, and increase synergistic relationships in the classroom. ==== ==== F. **// Community of Practice: //** The competent instructor understands the collaborative processes involved in instruction and works with other members of various communities to further educational goals. Rationale: A successful instructor will accept the assistance of others in order to help reduce stress and workload and to increase positive professional relationships. ==== ==== 1. The competent instructor understands the need to collaborate with other professionals in online education when possible and appropriate (KI). (See ISBE Standard 10F. Relates to ISBE Standard 9I.) Rationale: Activities such as guest lecturers, information validity checking, staying up-to-date in a field, etc. are all facilitated by this understanding. ==== ==== 2. The exemplary instructor demonstrates the willingness and ability to co-teach or co-plan instruction when applicable. The competent instructor is flexible when working with colleagues (PI). (See ISBE Standard 9S.) Rationale: Guest lectures shown to be a positive influence on student satisfaction and motivation to participate. ==== ==== 3. The exemplary online instructor communicates and collaborates with the larger academic and social communities of relevance to enhance student learning and personal growth. (See NETS-T Standard V.D. and ISBE Standards 9H. & 9M.) Rationale: In some cases, such collaborations can increase student learning as well as facilitate possible research partnerships. ==== ==== 4. The exemplary instructor has a presence within the online education community of practice and understands the importance of such participation (KI) (Relates to ISBE Standard 11E). In practice, the exemplary online instructor will contribute knowledge to the profession and the community of practice (PI) (relates to ISBE Standard 11I). Rationale: Exemplary, since such a presence not really necessary unless such is one's practice, as in the __MVCR__ program. ====

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